Process for the enzymatic synthesis of (7s)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylic acid or esters thereof, and application in the synthesis of ivabradine and salts thereof

ABSTRACT

Process for the enzymatic synthesis of the compound of formula (I): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 1  represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group. 
     Application in the synthesis of ivabradine and addition salts thereof with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid.

The present invention relates to a process for the enzymatic synthesisof the compound of formula (I):

wherein R₁ represents a hydrogen atom or a C₁-C₆alkyl group, preferablymethyl, and also to its application in the synthesis of ivabradine offormula (II):

or3-{3-[{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]-propyl}-7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-3-benzazepin-2-one,its addition salts with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid and theirhydrates.

Ivabradine, and addition salts thereof with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable acid, and more especially the hydrochloride thereof, havevery valuable pharmacological and therapeutic properties, especiallybradycardic properties, which render those compounds useful in thetreatment or prevention of various clinical conditions of myocardialischaemia, such as angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and associatedrhythm disorders, as well as in various pathologies involving rhythmdisorders, especially supraventricular rhythm disorders, and in heartfailure.

The preparation and therapeutic use of ivabradine and addition saltsthereof with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid, and more especially thehydrochloride thereof, have been described in European patentspecification EP 0 534 859.

That patent specification describes the synthesis of ivabradinehydrochloride starting from the compound of formula (III),(7S)-1-(3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl) N-methylmethanamine:

The compound of formula (III) is a key intermediate in the synthesis ofivabradine and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

The prior art discloses several methods for obtaining the compound offormula (III).

Patent specification EP 0 534 859 describes the synthesis of thecompound of formula (III) by reduction of the racemic nitrile of formula(IV):

by BH₃ in tetrahydrofuran,followed by addition of hydrochloric acid, to yield the hydrochloride ofthe racemic amine of formula (V):

which is reacted with ethyl chloroformate to yield the carbamate offormula (VI):

the reduction of which, by LiAlH₄, yields the racemic methylated amineof formula (VII):

the resolution of which, using camphorsulphonic acid, yields thecompound of formula (III). That method has the disadvantage of yieldingthe compound of formula (III) in only a very low yield of 2 to 3%starting from the racemic nitrile of formula (IV).

That very low yield is due to the low yield (4 to 5%) of the step ofresolution of the secondary amine of formula (VII).

Patent specification EP 1 598 333 describes obtaining the compound offormula (III) by resolution of the racemic primary amine of formula (V)into the optically active amine of formula (VIII):

using N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid,followed by methylation using the same reaction sequence as above(conversion into the carbamate, followed by reduction).

The yield of the resolution step is 39%.

Patent specification EP 2 166 004 describes obtaining the compound offormula (III) by optical resolution of the racemic nitrile of formula(IV) by chiral chromatography to yield the optically pure nitrile offormula (IX):

which is reduced by NaBH₄ to yield the primary amine of formula (VIII),which is then methylated using the same reaction sequence as above(conversion into the carbamate, followed by reduction).

The yield of the resolution step is 45%.

The problem of the present invention was to obtain the compound offormula (III) using an effective process, especially having a goodyield, more especially for the resolution step.

The use of biocatalysis for enabling chiral molecules to be obtainedappears to be increasingly valuable as an alternative to traditionalorganic synthesis. Indeed, the use of enzymes which have intrinsicnatural properties such as chemo-, regio- and stereo-selectivity makesit possible for enzymes to be used as reagents in green chemistry thathas respect for the environment.

In the case described herein, the use of hydrolytic enzymes(hydrolases), which function without cofactors, such as lipases (EC3.1.1.3 in the international classification of enzymes) or esterases (EC3.1.1.1) makes it possible to obtain chiral compounds—key intermediatesin the synthesis of pharmaceutical active ingredients—in highenantiomeric excesses and good yields.

More specifically, the present invention relates to a process for thesynthesis of the optically pure compound of formula (Ia):

by enantioselective enzymatic esterification of the racemic, or othernot optically pure, acid of formula (X):

using a lipase or esterase,in a mixture of alcohol ROH wherein R represents a linear or branchedC₁-C₆alkyl group, and an organic co-solvent,at a concentration from 5 to 500 g/L, preferably from 100 g to 200 g ofcompound of formula (X) per litre of solvent mixture,at an E/S ratio of from 10/1 to 1/100, preferably from 1/5 to 1/10,at a temperature from 25° C. to 40° C.

Among the lipases and esterases which may be used in the enzymaticesterification process according to the present invention there maymentioned, without implying any limitation, the lipases of Candidaantarctica, of Pseudomonas fluorescens, of Pseudomonas cepacia, ofRhizopus oryzae, of Aspergillus niger, of Mucor javanicus, ofAspergillus oryzae and of Penicillium camemberti, and the esterases ofRhizopus oryzae, of Mucor miehei and of Rhizopus niveus.

Lipases that are preferred according to the invention are the lipases ofCandida antarctica and of Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Among the lipases of Candida antarctica there may be mentioned, by wayof example, the lipases immobilised on a polymeric matrix, especially onan acrylic resin, such as Novozym® 435 from the company Novozymes orSPRIN adsorbed CALB® from the company Sprin Technologies, or on apolystyrene resin, such as SPRIN actiplus CALB®, SPRIN acti CALB® orSPRIN lipo CALB® from the company Sprin Technologies, or on an acrylicepoxy resin, such as SPRIN epobond CALB® from the company SprinTechnologies.

The alcohol ROH is preferably methanol or ethanol. The co-solvents arepreferably acetonitrile, toluene, MTBE or n-heptane. The preferredcosolvent/alcohol ratio is from 8/2 to 9/1.

The enzymatic esterification scheme according to the invention is asfollows:

Advantageously, the ester of configuration (R), the secondary product ofthe reaction, can be hydrolysed by the action of a base, preferably KOH,DBU, triethylamine, DABCO, TBD, sodium ethoxide, sodium methoxide orK₂CO₃, to form the racemic acid of formula (X) in order to be recycledinto the enzymatic esterification process.

When the hydrolysis/racemisation step is carried out in situ, theprocess according to the invention is a dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR)process which makes it possible to obtain the S acid of formula (Ia) inan ee≧98% and a yield≧65%.

The acid of formula (Ia) is preferably isolated from the reactionmixture after one or more enzymatic esterification cycles.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a process for the synthesisof the optically pure compound of formula (Ib):

wherein R represents a linear or branched C₁-C₆alkyl group, preferablymethyl or ethyl, by enantioselective enzymatic hydrolysis of theracemic, or other not optically pure, ester of formula (XI):

wherein R represents a linear or branched C₁-C₆alkyl group,using a lipase or esterase, in water, in a buffer solution of pH=5 to 8or in a mixture of organic solvent and water or buffer of pH=5 to 8, ata concentration of from 1 to 200 g/L, preferably about 100 g of compoundof formula (XI) per litre of solvent or solvent mixture,at an E/S ratio of from 10/1 to 1/100, preferably from 1/5 to 1/10,at a temperature from 25° C. to 40° C.,followed by isolation of the ester of formula (Ib).

Among the lipases and esterases which may be used in the enzymatichydrolysis process according to the present invention there maymentioned, without implying any limitation, the lipases of Candidaantarctica, of Pseudomonas fluorescens, of Pseudomonas cepacia, ofRhizopus oryzae, of Aspergillus niger, of Mucor javanicus, ofAspergillus oryzae and of Penicillium camemberti, and the esterases ofRhizopus oryzae, of Mucor miehei and of Rhizopus niveus.

Lipases that are preferred according to this aspect of the invention arethe lipases of Candida antarctica and of Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Among the lipases of Candida antarctica there may be mentioned, by wayof example, the lipases immobilised on a polymeric matrix, especially onan acrylic resin, such as Novozym® 435 from the company Novozymes orSPRIN adsorbed CALB® from the company Sprin Technologies, or on apolystyrene resin, such as SPRIN actiplus CALB®, SPRIN acti CALB® orSPRIN lipo CALB® from the company Sprin Technologies, or on an acrylicepoxy resin, such as SPRIN epobond CALB® from the company SprinTechnologies.

When the reaction is carried out in the presence of an organic solvent,the latter is preferably acetonitrile, toluene, MTBE or n-heptane.

The preferred organic solvent/water or buffer ratio ranges from 8/2 to9/1.

The enzymatic hydrolysis scheme according to the invention is asfollows:

Advantageously, the acid of configuration (R), the secondary product ofthe reaction, can be racemised by the action of a base, preferably bythe action of KOH in the hot state, and then the racemic acid therebyobtained can be alkylated to form the racemic ester of formula (XI) inorder to be recycled into the enzymatic hydrolysis process.

Alternatively, the acid of configuration (R), the secondary product ofthe reaction, can first be alkylated and then the ester of configuration(R) thereby obtained can be racemised by the action of a base,preferably by the action of DBU, KOH, triethylamine, DABCO, TBD, sodiumethoxide, sodium methoxide or K₂CO₃, in order to be recycled into theenzymatic hydrolysis process.

When the racemisation is carried out in the hot state, the temperatureis preferably from 50 to 80° C.

DEFINITIONS

An optically pure compound is understood to be a compound having anenantiomeric excess greater than or equal to 90%.

An acid or ester which is not optically pure is understood to be an acidor ester having an enantiomeric excess less than 90%.

A racemic acid or ester is understood to be the acid or ester in theform of a mixture of two enantiomers in a ratio of from 55:45 to 45:55.

Enantioselective esterification of a racemic, or other not opticallypure, acid is understood to be preferential esterification of one of theenantiomers of the mixture.

Enantioselective hydrolysis of a racemic, or other not optically pure,ester is understood to be preferential hydrolysis of one of theenantiomers of the mixture.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a process for the synthesisof the compound of formula (III) starting from the nitrile of formula(IV), which is hydrolysed to form the racemic acid of formula (X), theenzymatic esterification of which according to the invention yields theoptically pure acid of formula (Ia), which is then converted into theoptically pure amide of formula (XII):

the reduction of which, preferably by BH₃, NaBH₄ or LiAlH₄, yields thecompound of formula (III).

Another aspect of the invention relates to a process for the synthesisof the compound of formula (III) starting from the nitrile of formula(IV), which is hydrolysed to form the racemic acid of formula (X), andthen alkylated to form the racemic ester of formula (XI), the enzymatichydrolysis of which according to the invention yields the optically pureester of formula (Ib), which is converted into the optically pure amideof formula (XII):

the reduction of which, preferably by BH₃, NaBH₄ or LiAlH₄, yields thecompound of formula (III).

The compound of formula (III) is subsequently either coupled with acompound of formula (XIII):

wherein X represents a halogen atom, preferably an iodine atom, orsubjected to a reductive amination reaction with a compound of formula(XIV) in the presence of a reducing agent:

wherein R₂ represents a group selected from CHO and CHR₃R₄,wherein R₃ and R₄ each represent a linear or branched (C₁-C₆)alkoxygroup or form, together with the carbon atom carrying them, a1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane or 1,3-dioxepane ring,to yield ivabradine, which is then converted into an addition salt witha pharmaceutically acceptable acid, said salt being in anhydrous orhydrate form.

The compound of formula (III) may also be used in the reductiveamination reaction in the form of its addition salt with apharmaceutically acceptable acid, preferably its hydrochloride. In thatcase, ivabradine is obtained directly in the form of the hydrochloride.

Among the pharmaceutically acceptable acids there may be mentioned,without implying any limitation, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid,sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid,lactic acid, pyruvic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid,fumaric acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid,oxalic acid, methanesulphonic acid, benzenesulphonic acid and camphoricacid.

Among the reducing agents that may be used for the reductive aminationreaction between the compound of formula (III) and the compound offormula (XIV) there may be mentioned, without implying any limitation,hydride donor compounds such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride or sodiumcyanoborohydride, and dihydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such aspalladium, platinum, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium or a compound thereof,especially on a support or in the form of oxides.

The preferred reducing agent for the reductive amination reactionbetween the compound of formula (III) and the compound of formula (XIV)is dihydrogen catalysed by palladium-on-carbon.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the chiral-phase HPLC chromatogram of the racemic compoundsdescribed in Example 2.

FIG. 2 shows the chiral-phase HPLC chromatogram of the product obtainedin Example 2.

The Examples hereinbelow illustrate the invention.

ABBREVIATIONS

TFA TriFluoroAcetic acid

TLC Thin-Layer Chromatography DABCO 1,4-DiAzaBiCyclo[2.2.2]Octane DBUDiazaBicycloUndecene DKR Dynamic Kinetic Resolution

E Enantioselectivity coefficientee enantiomeric excesseq molar equivalent

HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography MeOH Methanol

MTBE Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether

op optical or enantiomeric purityE/S ratio Enzyme/Substrate ratio (g/g)NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (spectroscopy)

MS Mass Spectrometry TBD 1,5,7-TriazaBicyclo-[4.4.0]Dec-5-ene THFTetraHydroFuran TMS TetraMethylSilane EXAMPLE 13,4-Dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylic acid

Suspend 3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carbonitrile (11g, 58.1 mmol) in 1N sodium hydroxide solution (70 mL) and reflux (110°C.) the reaction mixture for 2 hours. Allow to return to ambienttemperature and then acidify the mixture using concentrated hydrochloricacid. Precipitation is observed.

Dissolve the product in 200 mL of dichloromethane and then extract theaqueous phase. Dry over MgSO₄ and evaporate to yield the title product(11.6 g) in a yield of 95.9%.

EXAMPLE 2 (7S)-3,4-Dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylicacid

0.5 g (c=200 g/L) of racemic acid obtained in Example 1 is dissolved in2.5 mL of an 8/2 mixture of acetonitrile/methanol.

0.1 g (c=40 g/L) of lipase of Candida antarctica NOVOZYM 435® (NovozymesDenmark) is then added to the mixture (E/S ratio 1/5). The reactionmixture is maintained at 30° C., with rotary stirring at 220 rpm, for 48hours.

The reaction is monitored by chiral-phase HPLC under conditions allowingthe enantiomeric excesses of both the ester and the acid to bedetermined:

-   -   Chiralpak® IC 250*4.6 column    -   30% absolute ethanol+0.1% TFA+70% heptane+0.1% TFA    -   1 ml/min, 25° C., 288 nm

% % Ee. (%) Ee (%) acid ester Acid (S) Ester (R) E 18 hrs. 59 41 66 >9977 24 hrs. 55 45 78 >99 100 48 hrs. 51 49 97 >98 890

The chiral-phase HPLC chromatograms of the racemic compounds, and of theproduct after 48 hours, are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.

After 48 hours there is seen the presence of optically pure ester andacid in an optimum acid/ester ratio of close to 50/50. The reactionmixture is filtered, the enzyme is washed with 5 mL of methanol and thenthe filtrate is evaporated in vacuo. The optically pure S acid and Rester are separated by chromatography on a silica column (eluant:dichloromethane/methanol 98/1).

(S) acid: 0.22 g (44%); optical purity>96%; [α]²⁰ _(D) at 589 nm: +57.1°(5 mg/ml in MeOH) (R) ester: 0.24 g; optical purity>96%; [α]²⁰ _(D) at589 nm: −62.7° (5 mg/ml in MeOH) Overall yield (S+R): 92%.

EXAMPLE 3 Methyl3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylate

Suspend methyl(7R)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylate (445 mg)(ee>96%) in isopropanol (2.5 mL) and add diazabicycloundecene (58 μl-1.5eq). Heat the reaction mixture at 65° C. for 2 hours. Completeracemisation is observed at the end of 2 hours of reaction of the ester.

Analysis Conditions:

-   -   Chiralpak® IC 250*4.6 column    -   30% absolute ethanol+0.1% TFA+70% heptane+0.1% TFA    -   1 ml/min, 25° C., 288 nm

EXAMPLE 4 3,4-Dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylic acid

Suspend methyl(7R)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylate (50 mg)(ee>96%) in methanol (1 mL) and add potassium hydroxide (56.1) (25 mg-2eq). Heat the reaction mixture at 65° C. for 6 hours. Hyrdolysis of theester to the racemic acid is observed.

Analysis Conditions:

-   -   Chiralpak® IC 250*4.6 column    -   30% absolute ethanol+0.1% TFA+70% heptane+0.1% TFA    -   1 ml/min, 25° C., 288 nm

EXAMPLE 5 (7S)-3,4-Dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylicacid

2 g (c=200 g/L) of racemic3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylic acid aredissolved in 20 ml of an acetonitrile/methanol mixture (9/1).

-   -   0.4 g (c=20 g/L) of lipase of Candida antarctica SPRIN actiplus        CALB® (Sprin Technologies) is then added to the mixture. The        reaction mixture is maintained at 30° C., with rotary stirring        at 220 rpm for 24 hours. The enzyme is filtered off and then        washed with methanol. 0.5 g of KOH (2 eq) is then added to the        mixture (filtrate) and stirring is maintained for 6 hours at        30° C. The mixture is then evaporated in vacuo. This allows        complete racemisation and hydrolysis of the R ester without        racemising the S acid. The residue is taken up in ethyl acetate        and then washed with 10% citric acid solution. Extraction with        ethyl acetate not being sufficient, the water-soluble acid is        re-extracted with butan-1-ol solution. The extracts are dried        over MgSO₄ to yield, after evaporation, 1.9 g of acid having a        ratio of 75:25 (S:R). This enantiomerically enriched acid is        used in a second enzymatic reaction in the presence of 0.2 g of        lipase. After 24 hours at 30° C., the enzyme is filtered off and        then washed with methanol.

After evaporation, the residue is chromatographed on a silica column(eluant CH₂Cl₂/MeOH from 99/1 to 99/2) to yield the following products:

(S) acid: 1.33 g; op>96%; yield of acid (theoretically 75%): 67%

-   -   (R) ester: 0.42 g; op>96%; yield of ester (theoretically 25%):        21%

The overall yield of the reaction is −88%.

NMR and MS Characterisation of the Acid

¹H NMR (DMSO-d6, ppm/TMS): 3.17 (dd; 1H, 13.6 Hz; 2.4 Hz); 3.27 (dd; 1H,13.6 Hz; 5.3 Hz); 4.13 (dd; 1H); 3.71 (s; 3H); 6.78 (s; 1H); 6.80 (s;1H); 12.40 (s; 1H).

MS (EI+) Molecular ion M+ at m/z 208.

NMR and MS Characterisation of the Ester

¹H NMR (DMSO-d6, ppm/TMS)=3.19 (dd; 1H, 13.6 Hz; 2.4 Hz); 3.33 (dd; 1H,13.6 Hz; 5.5 Hz); 3.65 (s; 3H); 3.71 (s; 6H); 4.23 (dd; 1H); 6.79 (s;1H); 6.82 (s; 1H).

MS (EI+) Molecular ion M+ at m/z 222.

The sequence of reactions is monitored by chiral-phase HPLC underconditions allowing the enantiomeric excesses of both the ester and theacid to be determined:

-   -   Chiralpak® IC 250*4.6 column    -   30% absolute ethanol+0.1% TFA+70% heptane+0.1% TFA    -   1 ml/min, 25° C., 288 nm

EXAMPLE 6 Methyl3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylate

Dissolve 3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylic acid(3 g-14.4 mmol) in methanol and add acetyl chloride (1.65 g-21.1 mmol).

Reflux the reaction mixture for 2 hours. Analysis by TLC (eluant:dichloromethane) shows the absence of the racemic acid startingmaterial.

Evaporate the reaction mixture, take up the residue in ethyl acetate andwash the organic phase with NaHCO₃. Evaporate to dryness, and dry toyield the title product in a yield of 97%.

EXAMPLE 7 Methyl(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylate

2 g (c=100 g/L) of racemic methyl3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylate are dissolvedin 20 mL of an 80/20 mixture of acetonitrile/buffer pH=7.

0.4 g (c=20 g/L) of lipase of Candida antarctica NOVOZYM 435® (NovozymesDenmark) is then added to the mixture (E/S ratio 1/5). The reactionmixture is maintained at 30° C., with rotary stirring at 230 rpm.

After reacting for 4 hours (pH=5.8), the pH is adjusted to 7.2. After 24hours, the enzyme is filtered off and washed by stirring in methanol.All the filtrates are collected, evaporated and lyophilised.

The lyophilisate is taken up in ethyl acetate, stirring is maintainedovernight and then the reaction mixture is filtered and the filtrate isevaporated.

The residue is purified on a silica column (eluantdichloromethane/methanol) to obtain 0.81 g of the ester of the title(7S), that is to say in a yield of 41%.

[α]²⁰ _(D) at 589 nm: +64.7° (5 mg/ml in MeOH)

The fraction containing the acid is taken up in ethyl acetate to yield0.72 g of (7R) acid, that is to say in a yield of 36%.

[α]²⁰ _(D) at 589 nm: −58.8° (5 mg/ml in MeOH)

EXAMPLE 8 Methyl(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylate

Racemic methyl3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylate (1 mg; c=1g/L) is dissolved in 1 mL of a 90/10 mixture of phosphate bufferpH=7/toluene.

5 mg (c=5 g/L) of lipase of Pseudomonas fluorescens are then added tothe mixture (E/S ratio 5/1). The reaction mixture is maintained at 28°C., with rotary stirring at 220 rpm, for 48 hours.

The reaction mixture is analysed by reverse-phase HPLC and theenantioselectivity (ee) of the residual ester is monitored bychiral-phase HPLC, in accordance with the methods described below:

Conditions for Analysis of the Reaction Mixture by Reverse-Phase HPLC:

Kinetex® 2.6 μm C18 50*2.1, 40° C., 0.6 ml/min 100% A to 100% B over 5mins.

A (1000 water+25 ACN+1 TFA)

B (1000 ACN+25 water+1 TFA)

Conditions for Analysis of the Enantioselectivity by Chiral-Phase HPLC:

Chiralpak® IC 250*4.6 column, 100% absolute ethanol, 1 ml/min, 25° C.,288 nm

Enantiomer Retention time (min) (7R) 7.19 (7S) 9.03

Analysis of the reaction mixture shows good hydrolytic activity(percentage of residual ester: 25%).

Analysis of the enantioselectivity shows an ee of 90% for the ester(7S).

EXAMPLE 9 3,4-Dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylic acid

Suspend (7R)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylicacid (50 mg-ee>95%) in methanol (1 mL) and add potassium hydroxide (20mg).

Heat the reaction mixture at 65° C. for 24 hours. Complete racemisationof the acid is observed.

Analysis Conditions:

-   -   Chiralpak® IC 250*4.6 column    -   30% absolute ethanol+0.1% TFA+70% heptane+0.1% TFA    -   1 ml/min, 25° C., 288 nm

EXAMPLE 10(7S)-3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylbicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxamide

Suspend the(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylic acidobtained in Example 5 (300 mg) in THF (3 ml) at ambient temperature andthen add triethylamine (200 μl). Ethyl chloroformate (150 μl) is addedslowly to the mixture. The reaction mixture precipitates (mixture I).

In another flask, methylamine, as a 2M solution in THF (2.25 ml), isstirred with water (1 ml) and triethylamine (300 μl). Stirring ismaintained for 20 minutes and then the resulting mixture is added tomixture I and stirred at ambient temperature overnight.

The reaction mixture is then evaporated and purified by preparativeHPLC.

(7S)-3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylbicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxamideis obtained in a yield of 60%.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d6, ppm/TMS)=2.61 (m; 3H); 3.16 (m; 2H); 3.71 (s; 6H); 4.05(m; 1H); 6.78 (s; 1H); 6.81 (s; 1H); 7.78 (s; 1H).

EXAMPLE 11(7S)-3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylbicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxamide

Suspend methyl(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylate (500 mg)in water and then slowly add, at ambient temperature, 20 mL of 33%methylamine solution in absolute ethanol.

After stirring for 3 hours, the reaction mixture is evaporated. Theresidue obtained is purified by preparative HPLC (eluant:water/acetonitrile/trifluoroacetic acid from 98/2/0.2 to 20/80/0.2) over30 minutes to yield the title product in a yield of 70%.

EXAMPLE 12(7S)-3,4-Dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]-N-methyl-methanamine

Suspend(7S)-3,4-dimethoxy-N-methylbicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxamide(450 mg) in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) and then slowly add 1.6 mL of 2MLiAlH₄ solution in tetrahydrofuran to the reaction mixture at ambienttemperature. Marked evolution of gas is observed and the reactionmixture becomes clear. Heat the reaction mixture at reflux for 30minutes.

After returning to ambient temperature, hydrolyse and then extract withethyl acetate. Dry over MgSO₄ and then evaporate. The residue obtainedis purified by preparative HPLC (eluant:water/acetonitrile/trifluoroacetic acid from 98/2/0.2 to 20/80/0.2) over30 minutes to yield the title product in a yield of 46%.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d6, ppm/TMS)=2.60 (m; 3H); 2.85 (m; 1H); 3.15 (m; 1H); 3.25(dd; 1H); 3.30 (m; 1H); 3.62 (m; 1H); 3.70 (s; 6H); 6.82 (s; 1H); 6.89(s; 1H); 8.48 (s; 1H).

EXAMPLE 13(7S)-3,4-Dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]-N-methyl-methanaminehydrochloride

20 mL of a molar solution of BH₃ in tetrahydrofuran are added, atambient temperature, to a mixture of 2.2 g (10 mmol) of(7S)-3,4-dimethoxy-N-methylbicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxamidein 45 mL of tetrahydrofuran. After stirring for 1 hour, 10 mL of thesolution of BH₃ in tetrahydrofuran are added. After stirring overnightat ambient temperature, 20 mL of ethanol are added dropwise and themixture is stirred until no more gas is evolved (about 1 hour). 20 mL ofhydrochloric acid solution in ethanol are then added dropwise. Afterstirring for 4 hours, the precipitate obtained (1.2 g of the titleproduct) is filtered off. The filtrate is concentrated and an additional0.65 g of the title product is obtained by rendering it solid in an80/20 mixture of ethyl acetate/ethanol.

The two precipitates are combined to yield 1.85 g of the title product(yield: 77%).

EXAMPLE 14 Ivabradine Hydrochloride

Load 5.5 kg of3-[2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)ethyl]-7,8-dimethoxy-1,3-dihydro-2H-3-benzazepin-2-one, 27.5 litres of ethanol and 550 g of palladium-on-carboninto an autoclave.

Purge with nitrogen and then with hydrogen, heat to 55° C., and thenhydrogenate at that temperature under a pressure of 5 bars until thetheoretical amount of hydrogen has been absorbed.

Then return to ambient temperature and depressurise the autoclave.

Then add 4 kg of(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]-N-methyl-methanaminehydrochloride, 11 litres of ethanol, 5.5 litres of water and 1 kg ofpalladium-on-carbon.

Purge with nitrogen and then with hydrogen, heat to 85° C., and thenhydrogenate at that temperature under a pressure of 30 bars until thetheoretical amount of hydrogen has been absorbed.

Then bring back to ambient temperature, purge the autoclave and thenfilter the reaction mixture; distil off the solvents and then isolatethe ivabradine hydrochloride by crystallisation from atoluene/1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone mixture.

Ivabradine hydrochloride is thereby obtained in a yield of 85% and witha chemical purity greater than 99%.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE Screening of Lipases an Esterases for the EnzymaticHydrolysis of methyl3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylate

Racemic methyl3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene-7-carboxylate (1 mg; c=1g/L) is dissolved in 1 mL of a 90/10 mixture of phosphate bufferpH=7/toluene.

5 mg (c=5 g/L) of the lipase or esterase being studied are then added tothe medium (E/S ratio 5/1). The reaction mixture is maintained at 28°C., with rotary stirring at 220 rpm for 48 hours.

The reaction mixture is analysed by reverse-phase HPLC and theenantioselectivity (ee) of the residual ester is monitored bychiral-phase HPLC, in accordance with the methods described hereinbelow:

Conditions for Analysis of the Reaction Mixture by Reverse-Phase HPLC:

Kinetex® 2.6 μm C18 50*2.1, 40° C., 0.6 ml/min 100% A to 100% B over 5minutes

A (1000 water+25 ACN+1 TFA)

B (1000 ACN+25 water+1 TFA)

Conditions for Analysis of the Enantioselectivity by Chiral-Phase HPLC:

Chiralpak® IC 250*4.6 column 100% absolute ethanol, 1 ml/min, 25° C.,288 nm

Enantiomer Retention time (min) (7R) 7.19 (7S) 9.03

The results are summarised in the following table:

% % Ee^(a) (%) Lipase ester acid ester E^(b) Porcine Pancreatic LipaseType II — 100 0 — Lipase PS (Pseudomonas cepacia) 55 45 34 (S enantio) 3Lipase AY 30 (Candida rugosa) — 100 0 — Lipase FAP-15 (Rhizopus oryzae)45 55 52 (S enantio) 4 Lipase A6 (Aspergillus niger) 76 24 68 (Renantio) 6 Lipase AH (Pseudomonas cepacia) 90 10 14 (S enantio) 8 LipaseM “Amano”10 60 40 36 (S enantio) 5 (Mucor javanicus) Lipase ofAspergillus oryzae 78 22 64 (S enantio) 5 Lipase G “Amano” 40 60 26 (Renantio) 2 (Penicillium camemberti) Lipase AYS “Amano” 60 40  4 (Renantio) 1 (Candida rugosa) Lipase R “Amano” — 100 0 (Penicilliumroqueforti) Porcine liver esterase — 100 0 Esterase of Rhizopus oryzae40 60 50 (S enantio) 3 Esterase of Mucor miehei 79 21 45 (S enantio) 6Horse liver esterase — 100 0 Newlase F (Rhizopus niveus) — 100 0 —Lipase of Pseudomonas fluorescens 25 75 90 (S enantio) 6 Lipase B ofCandida antarctica 30 70 94 (S enantio) 9 (Novozym ® 435)^(a)Enantiomeric excess ee (en %) = % enantioE2 - % enantioE1/% enantioE2 + % enantio E1 (enantio E2 being the predominant enantiomer)^(b)Enantioselectivity coefficient E = ln[(1 − c)(1 − ee(S)]/ln[(1 −c)(1 + ee(S)]; c = level of conversion = ee(ester)/ee(ester) + ee(acid)

1. A process for the synthesis of an optically pure compound of formula(Ia):

by enantioselective enzymatic esterification of a racemic, or other notoptically pure, acid of formula (X):

using a lipase or esterase, in a mixture of an alcohol of formula ROHwherein R represents a linear or branched C₁-C₆alkyl group, and anorganic co-solvent, at a concentration from 5 to 500 g/L of compound offormula (X) per litre of solvent mixture, at an E/S ratio of from 10/1to 1/100, at a temperature from 25° C. to 40° C.
 2. The processaccording to claim 1, wherein the lipase or esterase is selected fromlipases of Candida antarctica, of Pseudomonas fluorescens, ofPseudomonas cepacia, of Rhizopus oryzae, of Aspergillus niger, of Mucorjavanicus, of Aspergillus oryzae and of Penicillium camemberti, andesterases of Rhizopus oryzae, of Mucor miehei and of Rhizopus niveus. 3.The process according to claim 2, wherein the lipase or esterase is alipase of Candida antarctica or of Pseudomonas fluorescens.
 4. Theprocess according to claim 1, wherein the E/S ratio is from 1/5 to 1/10.5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the alcohol of formula ROHis methanol and the co-solvent is acetonitrile.
 6. The process accordingto claim 5, wherein the acetonitrile/methanol ratio is from 8/2 to 9/1.7. The process according to claim 1, wherein a secondary product of thereaction, an ester of configuration (R):

is obtained, which ester is hydrolysed by the action of a base to formthe racemic acid of formula (X) in order to be recycled into theenzymatic esterification process.
 8. The process according to claim 7,wherein the base is KOH.
 9. The process according to claim 7, whereinthe hydrolysis/racemisation step is carried out in situ.
 10. The processaccording to claim 1, wherein the acid of formula (Ia) is isolated afterone or more cycles of enzymatic esterification.
 11. A process for thesynthesis of an optically pure compound of formula (Ib):

wherein R represents a linear or branched C₁-C₆alkyl group, byenantioselective enzymatic hydrolysis of a racemic, or other notoptically pure, ester of formula (XI):

wherein R represents a linear or branched C₁-C₆alkyl group, using alipase or esterase, in water, in a buffer solution of pH=5 to 8 or in amixture of organic solvent and water or buffer of pH=5 to 8, at aconcentration of from 1 to 200 g/L of compound of formula (XI) per litreof solvent or solvent mixture, at an E/S ratio of from 10/1 to 1/100, ata temperature from 25° C. to 40° C., followed by isolation of the esterof formula (Ib).
 12. The process according to claim 11, wherein thelipase or esterase is selected from lipases of Candida antarctica, ofPseudomonas fluorescens, of Pseudomonas cepacia, of Rhizopus oryzae, ofAspergillus niger, of Mucor javanicus, of Aspergillus oryzae and ofPenicillium camemberti, and esterases of Rhizopus oryzae, of Mucormiehei and of Rhizopus niveus.
 13. The process according to claim 12,wherein the lipase or esterase is a lipase of Candida antarctica or ofPseudomonas fluorescens.
 14. The process according to claim 11, whereinthe E/S ratio is from 1/5 to 1/10.
 15. The process according to claim11, wherein R is a methyl group.
 16. The process according to claim 11,wherein the reaction is carried out in a mixture of acetonitrile andbuffer of pH=7.
 17. The process according to claim 16, wherein theacetonitrile/buffer pH=7 ratio is from 8/2 to 9/1.
 18. The processaccording to claim 11, wherein a secondary product of the reaction, anacid of configuration (R):

is obtained, which acid is racemised by the action of a base, and theracemic acid thereby obtained is alkylated to form the racemic ester offormula (XI) in order to be recycled into the enzymatic hydrolysisprocess.
 19. The process according to claim 18, wherein the acid ofconfiguration (R) is racemised by the action of KOH in the hot state.20. The process according to claim 11, wherein a secondary product ofthe reaction, an acid of configuration (R):

is obtained, which acid is alkylated to yield an ester of configuration(R), and the ester of configuration (R) thereby obtained is racemised bythe action of a base in order to be recycled into the enzymatichydrolysis process.
 21. The process according to claim 20, wherein theester of configuration (R) is racemised by the action of DBU in the hotstate or by the action of KOH at ambient temperature.
 22. A process forthe synthesis of a compound of formula (III):

starting from a nitrile of formula (IV):

which is hydrolysed to form a racemic acid of formula (X):

the enzymatic esterification of which in accordance with claim 1 yieldsan optically pure acid of formula (Ia):

which is then converted into an optically pure amide of formula (XII):

the reduction of which yields the compound of formula (III).
 23. Aprocess for the synthesis of a compound of formula (III):

starting from a nitrile of formula (IV):

which is hydrolysed to form a racemic acid of formula (X):

and then alkylated to form a racemic ester of formula (XI):

wherein R represents a linear or branched C₁-C₆alkyl group, theenzymatic hydrolysis of which in accordance with claim 11 yields anoptically pure ester of formula (Ib):

wherein R represents a linear or branched C₁-C₆alkyl group, which isconverted into an optically pure amide of formula (XII):

the reduction of which yields the compound of formula (III).
 24. Theprocess according to claim 22, wherein the reduction of the compound offormula (XII) to form the compound of formula (III) is carried out byBH₃, NaBH₄ or LiAlH₄.
 25. The process according to claim 22, wherein thecompound of formula (III) is subsequently either coupled with a compoundof formula (XIII):

wherein X represents a halogen atom, or subjected to a reductiveamination reaction with a compound of formula (XIV) in the presence of areducing agent:

wherein R₂ represents a group selected from CHO and CHR₃R₄, wherein R₃and R₄ each represent a linear or branched (C₁-C₆)alkoxy group or form,together with the carbon atom carrying them, a 1,3-dioxane,1,3-dioxolane or 1,3-dioxepane ring, to yield ivabradine, which is thenconverted into an addition salt with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid,said salt being in anhydrous or hydrate form.
 26. The process accordingto claim 25, wherein X is an iodine atom.
 27. The process according toclaim 25, wherein the compound of formula (III) is used in the reductiveamination reaction in the form of its hydrochloride to yield ivabradinein the form of the hydrochloride.
 28. The process according claim 25,wherein the reductive amination reaction with a compound of formula(XIV) is carried out in the presence of dihydrogen catalysed bypalladium-on-carbon.
 29. The process according to claim 23, wherein thereduction of the compound of formula (XII) to form the compound offormula (III) is carried out by BH₃, NaBH₄ or LiAlH₄.
 30. The processaccording to claim 23, wherein the compound of formula (III) issubsequently either coupled with a compound of formula (XIII):

wherein X represents a halogen atom, or subjected to a reductiveamination reaction with a compound of formula (XIV) in the presence of areducing agent:

wherein R₂ represents a group selected from CHO and CHR₃R₄, wherein R₃and R₄ each represent a linear or branched (C₁-C₆)alkoxy group or form,together with the carbon atom carrying them, a 1,3-dioxane,1,3-dioxolane or 1,3-dioxepane ring, to yield ivabradine, which is thenconverted into an addition salt with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid,said salt being in anhydrous or hydrate form.
 31. The process accordingto claim 30, wherein X is an iodine atom.
 32. The process according toclaim 30, wherein the compound of formula (III) is used in the reductiveamination reaction in the form of its hydrochloride to yield ivabradinein the form of the hydrochloride.
 33. The process according claim 30,wherein the reductive amination reaction with a compound of formula(XIV) is carried out in the presence of dihydrogen catalysed bypalladium-on-carbon.